Introduction to XPS Analysis for Beginners

Groups of Intermediate Growth: an Introduction for Beginners

The study of growth of groups has a long and remarkable history spanning over much of the twentieth century, and goes back to Hilbert, Poincare, Alphors, etc. In 1968 it became apparent that all known classes of groups have either polynomial or exponential growth, and John Milnor formally asked whether groups of intermediate growth exist. The first such examples were introduced by the first aut...

Approaches for Teaching Prolog to Beginners

Prolog is a very different language compared with procedural or object-oriented languages, and developing a Prolog programming mindset is a challenge for many novices. In this paper, we consider a number of teaching approaches which instructors use to deliver basic ideas about Prolog to novices. We classify these approaches into three categories – “logic based”, “declarative features based” and...

Quantum computing for beginners

The paper introduces the basic concepts and principles behind quantum computing and examines in detail Shor’s quantum algorithm for factoring very large numbers. Some basic methodological principles and guidelines for constructing quantum algorithms are stated. The aim is not to provide a formal exposition of quantum computing but to identify its novelty and potential use in tackling NP-hard pr...

Biotechnology for Beginners

NS Simulator for Beginners

NS-2 is an open-source discrete event network simulator which is widely used by both the research community as well as by the people involved in the standardization protocols of IETF. The goal of this book is twofold: on one hand to learn how to use the NS-2 simulator, and on the other hand, to become acquainted with and to understand the operation of some of the simulated objects using NS-2 si...